Ammonia
Molar mass: 17.03 g/mol · Class: Weak base
Elements: nitrogen, hydrogen
Structure
The molecule is trigonal pyramidal: nitrogen bonded to three hydrogens with a lone pair on top. The lone pair accepts protons, making ammonia a base, and lets molecules hydrogen-bond with water.
Properties
Colorless gas with a sharp, choking smell
Very soluble in water, forming a weakly basic solution
Lighter than air
Liquefies easily under pressure for transport
Applications
Fertilizer production (ammonium salts and urea)
Household and industrial cleaners
Refrigeration in large industrial systems
Manufacture of nitric acid and explosives
Irritates eyes, nose, and throat; concentrated gas can burn airways. Household ammonia cleaners must NEVER be mixed with bleach: the mixture releases toxic chloramine gas. Use with ventilation.
Data source: IUPAC standard atomic weights 2021; molar mass computed from NH3