Zinc
Element 30 · Transition Metal
Zinc is a bluish-white transition metal with a full 3d subshell, so it forms only the +2 ion and behaves more simply than its d-block neighbors. Its most visible role is galvanization: a thin zinc coating sacrifices itself to protect steel from rust, which is why bridges, fences, and car bodies last for decades.
Biologically, zinc is indispensable — it sits in the active sites of over 300 enzymes, supports the immune system, and enables the senses of taste and smell. Zinc oxide's ability to block ultraviolet light makes it a staple of mineral sunscreens.
Key facts
| Atomic number | 30 |
|---|---|
| Atomic weight | 65.38 |
| Category | Transition Metal |
| Group / Period | 12 / 4 |
| Block | d |
| Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 |
| Common oxidation states | +2 |
| State at STP | Solid |
| Electronegativity | 1.65 |
| Atomic radius | 142 pm |
| Density | 7.14 g/cm³ |
| Melting point | 419.53 °C |
| Boiling point | 907 °C |
Occurrence
Zinc is mined mainly from the ore sphalerite (zinc sulfide), usually found alongside lead ores. It never occurs as a free metal. Major deposits exist in China, Australia, and Peru, and zinc is the fourth most consumed metal worldwide after iron, aluminium, and copper.
Applications
Galvanizing coats steel with zinc to prevent rust
Brass, a copper-zinc alloy, serves in musical instruments and fittings
Die-casting alloys shape car parts and hardware from zinc
Zinc oxide works in sunscreens, rubber, and ointments
Dietary supplements provide zinc for immune function
Common compounds
- zinc oxide
- zinc sulfide
- zinc sulfate
- zinc chloride
Zinc is in over 300 enzymes in the human body — including ones that let you taste food.
Data source: IUPAC standard atomic weights 2021